Understanding the Causes Behind SLAP Lesions: Common Culprits and Risk Factors

What Is a SLAP Lesion?

The labrum is a ring of cartilage that stabilises the shoulder socket (glenoid). A SLAP lesion refers specifically to a tear in the top (superior) part of the labrum, where the biceps tendon attaches. This type of injury affects both the front (anterior) and back (posterior) of the labrum.

Common Causes:

• Falling on an outstretched arm

• Sudden pulling or lifting

• Repetitive throwing or overhead motion

• Degeneration from age or wear-and-tear

Early Symptoms:

• Shoulder pain during movement

• A “catching” or “clicking” sensation

• Feeling of instability

• Loss of strength or athletic performance

Why SLAP Lesions Matter

A SLAP lesion compromises shoulder stability and biomechanics. Left untreated, it may lead to:

• Compensatory movements

• Reduced performance in sport or work

• Co-existing injuries, such as rotator cuff tears or biceps tendinopathy

High-level athletes, especially overhead throwers, often report worsening symptoms if activity continues without treatment.

Complications of Untreated SLAP Lesions

Neglecting treatment can result in:

• Chronic pain

• Shoulder weakness

• Restricted range of motion

• Long-term joint degeneration or early-onset arthritis

These complications can become difficult to reverse, so early diagnosis and appropriate management are vital to protect shoulder health.

Recovery and Rehabilitation from SLAP Lesions

Non-Surgical Treatment:

For mild or moderate cases, conservative treatment includes:

• Physiotherapy: To restore range of motion, strengthen rotator cuff and scapular muscles, and correct movement patterns

• Anti-inflammatory strategies: Ice therapy, activity modification, and possible medication

• Progressive loading: Gradual return to sports or daily tasks under supervision

Surgical Options:

If conservative treatment fails—particularly in athletes or those with high physical demands—arthroscopic surgery may be considered. Surgical repair typically requires:

• Immobilisation (in a sling) for 2–4 weeks

• A tailored rehab programme lasting 3–6 months

Recovery time depends on the extent of the lesion, surgical technique, and patient compliance with rehab.

Additional Advice for Patients

• Early intervention leads to better outcomes. Don’t ignore lingering shoulder discomfort.

• Stick to your rehabilitation plan, as incomplete rehab can delay recovery.

• Strengthen your shoulder and core muscles regularly to prevent recurrence.

• Modify high-risk activities and prioritise proper form during sport and lifting.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. What should I do immediately after a shoulder injury?

Rest the shoulder, apply ice, and avoid overhead activity. Seek medical advice if pain or limited movement continues for more than a few days.

2. How long does recovery from a SLAP lesion take?

Recovery typically takes 3 to 6 months, depending on the severity of the tear and whether surgery is involved.

3. Can SLAP lesions be prevented?

Yes. Prevention includes strengthening the rotator cuff, avoiding overuse, using correct technique during sports, and maintaining shoulder mobility and stability.

4. What are the signs of complications from untreated SLAP lesions?

Watch for persistent pain, weakness, clicking or popping sensations, and reduced range of motion—these could signal worsening damage.

5. How effective is physical therapy for SLAP lesions?

Very effective in many cases. A structured programme can restore stability, reduce pain, and return the patient to full function—especially if started early.

6. When should surgery be considered for a SLAP lesion?

Surgery is considered when symptoms persist despite physiotherapy, especially in athletes or individuals requiring full shoulder function for work or sport.

Summary

SLAP lesions are a significant source of shoulder pain and dysfunction, particularly among active individuals. With early diagnosis, a personalised rehabilitation plan, and activity modification, most patients recover fully without surgery. For complex cases, minimally invasive procedures can provide excellent outcomes—especially when followed by expert-led rehabilitation.